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Nitric oxide evolution and perception

Harrison, Judith; Neill, Steven; Hancock, John T.; Bright, Jo; Desikan, Radhika; Wilson, Ian D.

Authors

Judith Harrison

Steven Neill

Jo Bright

Radhika Desikan



Abstract

Various experimental data indicate signalling roles for nitric oxide (NO) in processes such as xylogenesis, programmed cell death, pathogen defence, flowering, stomatal closure, and gravitropism. However, it still remains unclear how NO is synthesized. Nitric oxide synthase-like activity has been measured in various plant extracts, NO can be generated from nitrite via nitrate reductase and other mechanisms of NO generation are also likely to exist. NO removal mechanisms, for example, by reaction with haemoglobins, have also been identified. NO is a gas emitted by plants, with the rate of evolution increasing under conditions such as pathogen challenge or hypoxia. However, exactly how NO evolution relates to its bioactivity in planta remains to be established. NO has both aqueous and lipid solubility, but is relatively reactive and easily oxidized to other nitrogen oxides. It reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, with other cellular components such as transition metals and haem-containing proteins and with thiol groups to form S-nitrosothiols. Thus, diffusion of NO within the plant may be relatively restricted and there might exist 'NO hot-spots' depending on the sites of NO generation and the local biochemical micro-environment. Alternatively, it is possible that NO is transported as chemical precursors such as nitrite or as nitrosothiols that might function as NO reservoirs. Cellular perception of NO may occur through its reaction with biologically active molecules that could function as 'NO-sensors'. These might include either haem-containing proteins such as guanylyl cyclase which generates the second messenger cGMP or other proteins containing exposed reactive thiol groups. Protein S-nitrosylation alters protein conformation, is reversible and thus, is likely to be of biological significance. © The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved.

Citation

Harrison, J., Neill, S., Bright, J., Desikan, R., Hancock, J. T., & Wilson, I. D. (2008). Nitric oxide evolution and perception. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm218

Journal Article Type Conference Paper
Publication Date Jan 1, 2008
Journal Journal of Experimental Botany
Print ISSN 0022-0957
Electronic ISSN 1460-2431
Publisher Oxford University Press (OUP)
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 59
Issue 1
Pages 25-35
DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm218
Keywords arginine, cyclic GMP, GSNO, haem, nitric oxide, nitrite, perception, peroxynitrite, S-nitrosylation, S-nitrosothiol, superoxide, transport, tyrosine nitration
Public URL https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1020650
Publisher URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm218