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Article

Bull, L. (2012) Using genetical and cultural search to design unorganised machines. Evolutionary Intelligence, 5 (1). pp. 23-33. ISSN 1864-5909

Howard, D. , Gale, E. , Bull, L. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Adamatzky, A. (2012) Evolution of plastic learning in spiking networks via memristive connections. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 16 (5). pp. 711-729. ISSN 1089-778X

Bull, L. (2012) Evolving boolean networks on tunable fitness landscapes. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 16 (6). pp. 817-828. ISSN 1089-778X

Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2011) On polymorphic logical gates in subexcitable chemical medium. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 21 (07). pp. 1977-1986. ISSN 0218-1274

Holley, J. , Jahan, I. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Bull, L. and Adamatzky, A. (2011) Logical and arithmetic circuits in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks. Physical Review E, 84 (5). 056110. ISSN 1539-3755

Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Holley, J. , Gorecki, J. and Bull, L. (2011) Vesicle computers: Approximating a Voronoi diagram using Voronoi automata. Chaos Solitons and Fractals, 44 (7). pp. 480-489. ISSN 0960-0779

Bull, L. (2010) Artificial symbiogenesis and differing reproduction rates. Artificial Life, 16 (1). pp. 65-72. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. (2009) On dynamical genetic programming: Simple boolean networks in learning classifier systems. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 24 (5). pp. 421-442. ISSN 1744-5760

Toth, R. , Stone, C. , Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2009) Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 41 (4). pp. 1605-1615. ISSN 0960-0779

Sapin, E. , Bull, L. and Adamatzky, A. (2009) Genetic approaches to search for computing patterns in cellular automata. Computational Intelligence Magazine, IEEE, 4 (3). pp. 20-28. ISSN 1556-603X

Sapin, E. , Bull, L. and Adamatzky, A. (2009) Genetic approaches to search for computing patterns in cellular automata. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 4 (3). pp. 20-28. ISSN 1556-603X

Miranda, E. , Bull, L. , Gueguen, F. and Uroukov, I. (2009) Computer music meets unconventional computing: Towards sound synthesis with in vitro neuronal networks. Computer Music Journal, 33 (1). pp. 9-18. ISSN 0148-9267

Alonso-Sanz, R. and Bull, L. (2009) Elementary cellular automata with minimal memory and random number generation. Complex Systems, 18 (2). pp. 195-219. ISSN 0891-2513

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2009) Evolution of cellular automata with memory: the density classification task. Biosystems, 97 (2). pp. 108-116. ISSN 0303-2647

Toth, R. , Stone, C. , Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2009) Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 41 (4). pp. 1605-1615. ISSN 0960-0779

de Lacy Costello, B. , Toth, R. , Stone, C. , Adamatzky, A. and Bull, L. (2009) Implementation of glider guns in the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium. Physical Review E, 79 (2). 026114. ISSN 1539-3755

Bull, L. and Preen, R. (2009) On dynamical genetic programming: Random boolean networks in learning classifier systems. Genetic Programming. pp. 37-48.

Toth, R. , Stone, C. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Adamatzky, A. and Bull, L. (2009) Simple collision-based chemical logic gates with adaptive computing. International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation (IJNMC), 1 (3). pp. 1-16. ISSN 1941-6318

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2009) Solving the density classification task using cellular automaton 184 with memory. Complex Systems, 18 (3). pp. 329-344. ISSN 0891-2513

Toth , R. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Stone, C. , Masere, J. , Adamatzky, A. and Bull, L. (2009) Spiral formation and degeneration in heterogeneous excitable media. Physical Review E, 79 (3). 035101(R) (4 pages). ISSN 1539-3755

Alonso-Sanz, R. and Bull, L. (2009) A very effective density classifier two-dimensional cellular automaton with memory. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 42 (48). p. 485101. ISSN 1751-8113

Aickelin, U. and Bull, L. (2008) On the application of hierarchical coevolutionary genetic algorithms: Recombination and evaluation partners. Journal of Applied System Studies, 4 (2). pp. 2-17.

Aickelin, U. and Bull, L. (2008) Partnering strategies for fitness evaluation in a pyramidal evolutionary algorithm. arXiv preprint arXiv:0801.3550.

Alonso-Sanz, R. and Bull, L. (2008) Random number generation by cellular automata with memory. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 19 (02). pp. 351-367. ISSN 0129-1831

Alonso-Sanz, R. and Bull, L. (2008) Boolean networks with memory. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 18 (12). pp. 3799-3814. ISSN 0218-1274

Taylor, A. , Kapetanopoulos, P. , Whitaker, B. , Toth, R. , Bull, L. and Tinsley, M. (2008) Clusters and switchers in globally coupled photochemical oscillators. Physical review letters, 100 (21). p. 214101. ISSN 0031-9007

Toth, R. , Stone, C. , Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2008) Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 129. p. 184708. ISSN 0021-9606

Toth, R. , Stone, C. , Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2008) Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 129 (18). p. 184708. ISSN 0021-9606

Bull, L. (2008) On lookahead and latent learning in simple learning classifier systems (LCS). Learning Classifier Systems, 4998. pp. 154-168.

Alonso-Sanz, R. and Bull, L. (2008) One-dimensional coupled cellular automata with memory: Initial investigations. Journal of Cellular Automata, 5. pp. 29-49. ISSN 1557-5969

Sapin, E. and Bull, L. (2008) Searching for glider guns in cellular automata: Exploring evolutionary and other techniques. Artificial Evolution. pp. 255-265.

Bull, L. , Budd, A. , Stone, C. , Uroukov, I. , Costello, B. d. L. and Adamatzky, A. (2008) Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system. Artificial Life, 14 (2). pp. 203-222. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. , Studley, M. , Bagnall, A. and Whittley, I. (2007) Accuracy-based learning classifier system ensembles with rule-sharing. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 11 (4). pp. 496-502. ISSN 1089-778X

Casillas, J. , Carse, B. and Bull, L. (2007) Fuzzy-XCS: A michigan genetic fuzzy system. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 15 (4). pp. 536-550. ISSN 10636706

Studley, M. and Bull, L. (2007) Using the XCS classifier system for multi-objective reinforcement learning problems. Artificial Life, 13 (1). pp. 69-86. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. , Studley, M. , Bagnall, A. and Whittley, I. (2007) Learning classifier system ensembles with rule-sharing. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 11 (4). pp. 496-502. ISSN 1089-778X

Kharbat, F. , Odeh, M. and Bull, L. (2007) New approach for extracting knowledge from the XCS learning classifier system. International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems, 4 (2). pp. 49-62. ISSN 1448-5869

Bull, L. , Budd, A. , Stone, C. , Uroukov, I. S. , Costello, B. d. L. and Adamatzky, A. (2007) Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Learning classifier system control of non-linear media. Artificial Life. ISSN 1064-5462

Studley, M. and Bull, L. (2007) Using the XCS classifier system for multi-objective reinforcement learning problems. Artificial Life, 13 (1). pp. 69-86. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. and Adamatzky, A. (2007) A learning classifier system approach to the identification of cellular automata. Journal of Cellular Automata, 2 (1). pp. 21-38. ISSN 1557-5969

Uroukov, I. S. , Ma, M. , Bull, L. and Purcell, W. M. (2006) Electrophysiological measurements in three-dimensional in vivo-mimetic organotypic cell cultures: Preliminary studies with hen embryo brain spheroids. Neuroscience letters, 404 (1). pp. 33-38. ISSN 0304-3940

Hurst, J. and Bull, L. (2006) A neural learning classifier system with self-adaptive constructivism for mobile robot control. Artificial Life, 12 (3). pp. 353-380. ISSN 1064-5462

Studley, M. and Bull, L. (2005) X-TCS: Accuracy-based learning classifier system robotics. 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 3. pp. 2099-2106.

Smith, M. G. and Bull, L. (2005) Genetic programming with a genetic algorithm for feature construction and selection. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 6 (3). pp. 265-281. ISSN 1389-2576

Casillas, J. , Carse, B. and Bull, L. (2004) Fuzzy XCS: An accuracy-based fuzzy classifier system. Proc. 12th Spanish Conference on Fuzzy Logic and Technologies. pp. 369-376.

Bull, L. (2004) A simple payoff-based learning classifier system. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN VIII. pp. 1032-1041.

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2003) For Real! XCS with Continuous-Valued Inputs. Evolutionary Computation, 11 (3). pp. 299-336. ISSN 1063-6560

Bull, L. and Hurst, J. (2002) ZCS Redux. Evolutionary Computation, 10 (2). pp. 185-205. ISSN 1063-6560

Bull, L. (2002) On accuracy-based fitness. Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, 6 (3). pp. 154-161. ISSN 1432-7643

Tomlinson, A. and Bull, L. (2002) An accuracy based corporate classifier system. Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, 6 (3). pp. 200-215. ISSN 1432-7643

Tomlinson, A. and Bull, L. (2001) Symbiogenesis in learning classifier systems. Artificial Life, 7 (1). pp. 33-61. ISSN 1064-5462

Ahluwalia, M. and Bull, L. (2001) Coevolving functions in genetic programming. Journal of Systems Architecture, 47 (7). pp. 573-585. ISSN 1383-7621

Bull, L. (2001) On coevolutionary genetic algorithms. Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, 5 (3). pp. 201-207. ISSN 1432-7643

Hurst, J. and Bull, L. (2001) Self-adaptation in classifier system controllers. Artificial Life and Robotics, 5 (2). pp. 109-119. ISSN 1433-5298

Bull, L. , Holland, O. and Blackmore, S. (2000) On meme-gene coevolution. Artificial Life, 6 (3). pp. 227-235. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. (1999) On evolving social systems: Communication, speciation and symbiogenesis. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 5 (3). pp. 281-302. ISSN 1381-298X

Bull, L. (1999) On model-based evolutionary computation. Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, 3 (2). pp. 76-82. ISSN 1432-7643

Bull, L. (1999) On the Baldwin effect. Artificial life, 5 (3). pp. 241-246. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. (1999) On the evolution of eukaryotes: Computational models of symbiogenesis and multicellularity. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences. pp. 31-46. ISSN 0075-8523

Bull, L. (1999) On the evolution of multicellularity and eusociality. Artificial life, 5 (1). pp. 1-15. ISSN 1064-5462

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. C. (1996) Evolutionary computing in cooperative multi-agent environments. Proceedings of the Adaptation, Coevolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems. pp. 22-27.

Bull, L. , Fogarty, T. C. , Mikami, S. and Thomas, J. (1995) Adaptive gait acquisition using multi-agent learning for wall climbing robots. Automation and Robotics in Construction XII. pp. 80-86.

Fogarty, T. C. , Bull, L. and Carse, B. (1995) Evolving multi-agent systems. Genetic Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science. pp. 3-22.

Fogarty, T. C. and Bull, L. (1995) Optimising individual control rules and multiple communicating rule-based control systems with parallel distributed genetic algorithms. IEE Proceedings: Control Theory and Applications, 142 (3). pp. 211-215. ISSN 1350-2379

Book Section

Bull, L. (2011) Towards a mapping of modern AIS and LCS. In: Liò, P. , Nicosia, G. and Stibor, T. , eds. (2011) Artificial Immune Systems. Springer, pp. 371-382. ISBN 9783642223709

Stone, C. , Toth, R. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Bull, L. and Adamatzky, A. (2008) Coevolving cellular automata with memory for chemical computing: Boolean logic gates in the BZ reaction. In: Rudolph , Günter , Jansen, T. , Lucas, S. M. , Poloni , C. and Beume, N. , eds. (2008) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN X: 10th International Conference Dortmund, Germany, September 13-17, 2008. 2008 edition. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer , pp. 579-588. ISBN 9783540876991

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2008) Foreign exchange trading using a learning classifier system. In: Bernadó-Mansilla , E. and Holmes, J. , eds. (2008) Learning classifier systems in data mining. (125) 2008. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 169-189. ISBN 9783540789789

Kharbat, F. , Odeh, M. and Bull, L. (2008) Knowledge discovery from medical data: an empirical study with XCS. In: Bull, L. , Bernado-Mansilla, E. and Holmes, J. , eds. (2008) Learning Classifier Systems in Data Mining. Springer. ISBN 9783540789789

Bull, L. , Bernad-Mansilla, E. and Holmes, J. (2008) Learning classifier systems in data mining: An introduction. In: Bull, L. , Bernad-Mansilla, E. and Holmes, J. , eds. (2008) Learning Classifier Systems in Data Mining. Springer, pp. 1-15. ISBN 9783540789789

Tamee, K. , Bull, L. and Pinngern, O. (2008) Towards clustering with learning classifier systems. In: Bull, L. , Bernadó-Mansilla, E. and Holmes, J. , eds. (2008) Learning classifier systems in data mining. Springer, pp. 191-204. ISBN 9783642097751

Kovacs, T. and Bull, L. (2007) Toward a better understanding of rule initialisation and deletion. In: Lipson, H. , ed. (2007) Proceedings of the 2007 GECCO Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. London, England: ACM, pp. 2777-2780. ISBN 9781595936974

O’Hara, T. and Bull, L. (2007) Backpropagation in accuracy-based neural learning classifier systems. In: Bacardit, J. , Bernadó-Mansilla, E. , Butz, M. V. , Kovacs, T. , Llorà, X. and Takadama, K. , eds. (2007) Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, pp. 25-39. ISBN 9783540881384

Budd, A. , Stone, C. , Masere, J. , Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2006) Towards machine learning control of chemical computers. In: Adamatzky, A. and Teuscher, C. , eds. (2006) From Utopian to Genuine Unconventional Computers. Frome, UK: Luniver Press, pp. 17-36. ISBN 9780955117091

O'Hara, T. and Bull, L. (2005) Building anticipations in an accuracy-based learning classifier system by use of an artificial neural network. In: O'Hara, T. and Bull, L. , eds. (2005) The 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. (3) IEEE, pp. 2046-2052. ISBN 0780393635

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2005) An analysis of continuous-valued representations for learning classifier systems. In: Bull, L. and Kovacs, T. , eds. (2005) Foundations of learning classifier systems. Springer, pp. 127-178. ISBN 9783540250739

Bull, L. (2005) Coevolutionary species adaptation genetic algorithms: A continuing SAGA on coupled fitness landscapes. In: Almeida e Costa, F. , ed. (2005) Advances in Artificial Life. Springer, pp. 322-331. ISBN 9783540749134

Bull, L. and Kovacs, T. (2005) Foundations of learning classifier systems: An introduction. In: Bull, L. and Kovacs, T. , eds. (2005) Foundations of Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, pp. 1-17. ISBN 9783540250739

Bull, L. (2005) Two simple learning classifier systems. In: Bull, L. and Kovacs, T. , eds. (2005) Foundations of Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, p. 913. ISBN 9783540250739

Wyatt, D. and Bull, L. (2005) A memetic learning classifier system for describing continuous-valued problem spaces. In: Hart, W. E. , Krasnogor, N. and Smith, J. , eds. (2005) Recent advances in memetic algorithms. Springer, pp. 355-395. ISBN 9783540229049

Smith, M. and Bull, L. (2004) GAP: Constructing and selecting features with evolutionary computing. In: Ghosh, A. , ed. (2004) Evolutionary Computation in Data Mining (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing). 2005 edition. Springer, pp. 41-56. ISBN 9783540223702

Wyatt, D. , Bull, L. and Parmee, I. (2004) Building compact rulesets for describing continuous-valued problem spaces using a learning classifier system. In: Parmee, I. , ed. (2004) Adaptive Computing in Design and Manufacture VI. Springer, pp. 235-248. ISBN 9781852338299

Bull, L. (2004) Learning classifier systems: A brief introduction. In: Bull, L. , ed. (2004) Applications of Learning Classifier Systems. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 1-12. ISBN 9783540211099

Bull, L. , Sha’Aban, J. , Tomlinson, A. , Addison, J. D. and Heydecker, B. G. (2004) Towards distributed adaptive control for road traffic junction signals using learning classifier systems. In: Bull, L. , ed. (2004) Applications of Learning Classifier Systems. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 276-299. ISBN 9783540211099

Smith, M. and Bull, L. (2004) Using genetic programming for feature creation with a genetic algorithm feature selector. In: Yao, X. , Burke, E. K. , Lozano, José A. , Smith, J. , Merelo-Guervós, J. Julián, Bullinaria, J. A. , Rowe, J. E. , Tiňo, P. , Kabán, A. and Schwefel, H.-P. , eds. (2004) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN VIII. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1163-1171. ISBN 978-3-540-23092-2

Smith, M. and Bull, L. (2003) Feature construction and selection using genetic programming and a genetic algorithm. In: Ryan, C. , Soule, T. , Keijzer, M. , Tsang, E. , Poli, R. and Costa, E. , eds. (2003) Genetic Programming. Springer, pp. 229-237. ISBN 9783540009719

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2003) Towards learning classifier systems for continuous-valued online environments. In: Cantu-Paz, E. , ed. (2003) GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: Part II. Springer, p. 209. ISBN 3540406034

Bull, L. , Wyatt, D. and Parmee, I. (2002) Towards the use of XCS in interactive evolutionary design. In: Langdon, W. , ed. (2002) GECCO-2002: proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, p. 951. ISBN 9781558608788

Bull, L. and Studley, M. (2002) Consideration of multiple objectives in neural learning classifier systems. In: Merelo, J. J. , Adamidis, P. and Beyer, H.-G. , eds. (2002) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45712-7_53: Springer, pp. 549-557. ISBN 9783540441397

Langdon, W. , Cant{\'u}-Paz, E. , Mathias, K. , Roy, R. , Davis, D. , Poli, R. , Balakrishnan, K. , Honavar, V. , Rudolph, G. , Wegener, J. and Bull, L. (2002) GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. In: Langdon, W. , Cant u Paz, E. , Mathias, K. , Roy, R. , Davis, D. , Poli, R. , Balakrishnan, K. , Honavar, V. , Rudolph, G. , Wegener, J. and Bull, L. , eds. (2002) GECCO-2002: proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1558608788

Bull, L. , Wyatt, D. and Parmee, I. (2002) Initial modifications to XCS for use in interactive evolutionary design. In: Merelo, J. J. , Adamidis, P. and Beyer, H.-G. , eds. (2002) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN VII. Springer, pp. 568-577. ISBN 978-3-540-44139-7

Bull, L. (2002) On using constructivism in neural classifier systems. In: Merelo, J. J. , Adamidis, P. and Beyer, H.-G. , eds. (2002) Parallel Problem Solving From Nature—PPSN VII. Springer, pp. 558-567. ISBN 9783540441397

Hurst, J. , Bull, L. and Melhuish, C. (2002) TCS learning classifier system controller on a real robot. In: Merelo, J. J. , Adamidis, P. and Beyer, H.-G. , eds. (2002) Parallel problem solving from nature—PPSN VII. Springer, pp. 588-597. ISBN 9783540441397

Hurst, J. and Bull, L. (2002) A self-adaptive XCS. In: Lanzi, P. L. , Stolzmann, W. and Wilson, S. W. , eds. (2002) Advances in Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, pp. 57-73. ISBN 9783540437932

Bull, L. (2001) Simple markov models of the genetic algorithm in classifier systems: Multi-step tasks. In: Lanzi, P. L. , Stolzmann, W. and Wilson, S. W. , eds. (2001) Advances in Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, pp. 299-306. ISBN 9783540437932

Hurst, J. and Bull, L. (2001) A self-adaptive classifier system. In: Lanzi, P. L. , Stolzmann, W. and Wilson, S. W. , eds. (2001) Advances in Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, pp. 70-79. ISBN 9783540424376

Ireson, N. , Cao, Y. , Bull, L. and Miles, R. (2000) A communication architecture for multi-agent learning systems. In: Cagnoni, S. , Poli, R. , Smith, G. D. , Corne, D. , Oates, M. , Hart, E. , Lanzi, P. L. , Willem, E. J. , Li, Y. , Paechter, B. and Fogarty, T. C. , eds. (2000) Real-World Applications of Evolutionary Computing: EvoWorkshops 2000. Springer, pp. 119-147. ISBN 9783540673538

Cao, Y. , Ireson, N. , Bull, L. and Miles, R. (2000) Distributed learning control of traffic signals. In: Cagnoni, S. , Poli, R. , Smith, G. , Corne, D. , Oates, M. , Hart, E. , Lanzi, P. , Willem, E. , Li, Y. , Paechter, B. and Fogarty, T. , eds. (2000) Real-world Applications of Evolutionary Computing. Springer, pp. 159-160. ISBN 9783540673538

Bull, L. and Hurst, J. (2000) Self-adaptive mutation in ZCS controllers. In: Cagnoni, S. , Poli, R. , Smith, G. D. , Corne, D. , Oates, M. , Hart, E. , Lanzi, P. L. , Willem, E. J. , Li, Y. , Paechter, B. and Fogarty, T. C. , eds. (2000) Real-World Applications of Evolutionary Computing. Springer, pp. 342-349. ISBN 9783540673538

Bull, L. , Hurst, J. and Tomlinson, A. (2000) Self-adaptive mutation in classifier system controllers. In: Meyer, J.-A. , Berthoz, A. , Floreano, D. , Roitblat, H. L. and Wilson, S. W. , eds. (2000) From Animals to Animats 6. MIT Press, pp. 460-467. ISBN 9780262632003

Cao, Y. , Ireson, N. , Bull, L. and Miles, R. (1999) Design of a traffic junction controller using classifier system and fuzzy logic. In: Reusch, B. , ed. (1999) Computational Intelligence. Springer, pp. 342-353. ISBN 9783540660507

Ahluwalia, M. and Bull, L. (1998) Co-evolving functions in genetic programming: Dynamic ADF creation using GLiB. In: Porto, W. V. , Saravanan, N. , Waagen, D. E. and Eiben, A. , eds. (1998) Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Evolutionary Programming VII. London: Springer-Verlag, pp. 809-818. ISBN 3540648917

Bull, L. (1998) Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Operators. In: Porto, V. W. , Saravanan, N. , Waagen, D. and Eiben, A. E. , eds. (1998) Evolutionary Programming VII. Springer, pp. 43-52. ISBN 9783540648918

Bull, L. (1998) On zcs in multi-agent environments. In: Eiben, A. , Bäck, T. , Schoenauer, M. and Schwefel, H.-P. , eds. (1998) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN V. Springer, pp. 471-480. ISBN 9783540650782

Tomlinson, A. and Bull, L. (1998) A corporate classifier system. In: Eiben, A. E. , Bäck, T. , Schoenauer, M. and Schwefel, H.-P. , eds. (1998) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN V. Springer, pp. 550-559. ISBN 9783540650782

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. (1997) Horizontal gene transfer in endosymbiosis. In: Bull, L. , ed. (1997) Proceedings of the 5th International workshop on Artificial Life: Synthesis and simulation of living systems. Bradford book, pp. 77-84. ISBN 0262621118

Bull, L. (1997) On the evolution of multicellularity. In: Husbands, P. and Harvey, I. , eds. (1997) Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life [ECAL '97]. London: Cambridge, pp. 190-196. ISBN 9780262581578

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. (1996) Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Speciation and symbiogenesis. In: Voigt, H.-M. , Ebeling, W. , Rechenberg, I. and Schwefel, H.-P. , eds. (1996) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN IV. Springer, pp. 12-21. ISBN 9783540617235

Bull, L. , Fogarty, T. and Pipe, A. G. (1995) Artificial endosymbiosis. In: Fernando, A. e. C. , ed. (1995) Advances in Artificial Life. Springer, pp. 273-289. ISBN 9783540749134

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. C. (1994) An evolution strategy and genetic algorithm hybrid: An initial implementation and first results. In: Fogarty, T. C. , ed. (1994) Evolutionary Computing. Springer, pp. 95-102. ISBN 9783540584834

Monograph

Tekiner, F. , Pettipher, M. , Bull, L. , Studley, M. , Whittley, I. and Bagnall, T. (2010) Parallel data mining-case study. Technical Report. University of Manchester.

Bull, L. and Uroukov, I. S. (2008) Consideration of using learning classifier systems to create a simple neuronal computer. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Tamee, K. , Bull, L. and Pinngern, O. (2008) Spherical conditions with XCSc. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Bull, L. (2008) Unorganised machines in learning classifier systems. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Bull, L. (2008) A brief note on discrete dynamical learning classifier systems. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Sapin, E. and Bull, L. (2008) The emergence of glider guns in cellular automata found by evolutionary algorithms. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Kharbat, F. , Odeh, M. and Bull, L. (2008) A new hybrid architecture for the discovery and compaction of knowledge from breast cancer datasets. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Bull, L. (2007) Towards canonical learning classifier systems: Simple accuracy, payoff and anticipatory systems. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Studley, M. , Whittley, I. M. , Tekiner, F. , Bull, L. , Bagnall, A. J. and Pettipher, M. (2006) SCDM User Guide. Other. University of the West of England.

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2005) Comparing XCS and ZCS on noisy continuous valued environments. Technical Report. UWE.

O'Hara, T. and Bull, L. (2004) Prediction calculation in accuracy-based neural learning classifier systems. Technical Report. UWE.

Wyatt, D. , Bull, L. and Parmee, I. C. (2004) Applying XCSR to Design-Oriented Environments. Technical Report. Citeseer.

Stone, C. and Bull, L. (2003) A note on crossover with interval representations. Technical Report. Citeseer.

Bull, L. (2003) Investigating fitness sharing in a simple payoff-based learning classifier system. Technical Report. UWE, Bristol, UK.

Bull, L. and Hurst, J. (2003) Lookahead and latent learning in a neural learning classifier system with self-adaptive constructivism. Technical Report. UWE, UWE Learning classifier systems group technical report.

Bull, L. and Wyatt, D. (2003) On simplifying the payoff prediction in accuracy-based learning classifier system. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Hurst, J. and Bull, L. (2003) Robotic experimentation using constructivism within a neural learning classifier system. Technical Report. UWE.

Bull, L. (2003) A simple accuracy-based learning classifier system. Technical Report. University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.

Hurst, J. , Bull, L. and Melhuish, C. (2002) ZCS and TCS learning classifier system controllers on real robots. Technical Report. UWE.

Bull, L. and Hurst, J. (2001) ZCS: Theory and practice: UWE Learning Classifier Systems Group Technical Report 01. Technical Report. University of the West of England.

Conference or Workshop Item

Howard, G. D. , Gale, E. , Bull, L. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Adamatzky, A. (2011) Evolving spiking networks with variable memristors. In: GECCO '11 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, 2011., pp. 1275-1282

Erbas, M. D. , Winfield, A. F. T. and Bull, L. (2011) Towards imitation-enhanced reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems. In: 2011 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALIFE), 2011., pp. 6-13

Howard, D. and Bull, L. (2010) A spiking neural repesentation for XCSF. In: 2010 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Barcelona, Spain, 18-23 July 2010. Barcelona: UNSPECIFIED

Preen, R. and Bull, L. (2009) Discrete dynamical genetic programming in XCS. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, Montreal, Canada, July 8-12, 2009. Montreal, Canada: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 1299-1306

Howard, G. D. , Bull, L. and Lanzi, P. L. (2009) Towards continuous actions in continuous space and time using self-adaptive constructivism in neural XCSF. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, Montreal, Canada, 2009., pp. 1219-1226

Stone, C. , Toth, R. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Adamatzky, A. and Bull, L. (2008) Co-evolving cellular automatat with memory for chemical computing: Boolean logic gates in the BZ reaction. In: 10th International Conference Parallel problem solving from Nature- PPSN X, Dortmund, Germany, 13th - 17th September, 2008.

Howard, G. and Bull, L. (2008) On the effects of node duplication and connection-oriented constructivism in neural XCSF. In: 2008 GECCO conference companion on genetic and evolutionary computation, Atlanta, USA, July 12 - 16, 2008. Atlanta, USA: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 1977-1984

Bull, L. and Alonso-Sanz, A. (2008) On coupling random boolean networks. In: Automata 2008: Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata, Bristol, UK, June 12-14, 2008 , Bristol, UK, June 12-14, 2008 . Bristol, UK: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 292-301

Alonso-Sanz, R. and Bull, L. (2008) Elementary coupled cellular automata with memory. In: Automata, 2008, Bristol, UK, 12-14 June, Bristol, UK, 12-14 June 2008. Bristol, UK: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 72-99

Casillas, J. , Carse, B. and Bull, L. (2008) Reinforcement learning by an accuracy-based fuzzy classifier system with real-valued output. In: International Workshop on Genetic Fuzzy Systems, 2008.

Howard, D. , Bull, L. and Lanzi, P. L. (2008) Self-adaptive constructivism in neural xcs and xcsf. In: Proceedings of the 2008 genetic and evolutionary computation conference, 2008.

Toth, R. , Stone, C. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Adamatzky, A. and Bull, L. (2008) Towards designing collision based chemical logic gates with adaptive computing. In: IPCC 2008, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 2008.

Sapin, E. , Bull, L. and Adamatzky, A. (2007) A genetic approach to search for glider guns in cellular automata. In: IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 2007, Singapore, 25-28 September, 2007., pp. 2456-2462

Smith, M. and Bull, L. (2007) Improving the human readability of features constructed by genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual conference on Genetic and Evolutionary computation, London, England, July 7-11, 2007. London: ACM, pp. 1694-1701

Stone, C. , Toth, R. , Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. and Bull, L. (2007) Towards the coevolution of cellular automata controllers for chemical computing with the B-Z reaction. In: 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, London, England, July 7-11, 2007. London: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 472-478

Bull, L. , O'Hara, T. and Lanzi, P. L. (2007) Anticipation mappings for learning classifier systems. In: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2007, Singapore, 25-28 September, 2007. Singapore: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 2133-2140

Bull, L. and Uroukov, I. S. (2007) Initial results from the use of learning classifier systems to control in vitro neuronal networks. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, 2007., pp. 369-376

Kharbat, F. , Bull, L. and Odeh, M. (2007) Mining breast cancer data with XCS. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, 2007., pp. 2066-2073

Tamee, K. , Bull, L. and Pinngern, O. (2007) Towards clustering with XCS. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, 2007., pp. 1854-1860

Bagnall, A. , Whittley, I. , Studley, M. , Pettipher, M. , Tekiner, F. and Bull, L. (2006) Variance stabilizing regression ensembles for environmental models. In: 2006 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2006 - Vancouver) , Vancouver, Canada, 16-21 July, 2006. Vancouver, Canada: IEEE, pp. 5355-5361

Tamee, K. , Bull, L. , Pinngern, O. , Rojanavasu, P. and Srinil, P. (2006) Using a learning classifier system for clustering. In: International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2006. ISCIT'06, 2006., pp. 43-48

Tamee, K. , Bull, L. and Pinngern, O. (2006) A learning classifier system approach to clustering. In: Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 2006, Jinan, China, Jinan, China, October 16-18, 2006. China: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 621-626

Whittley, I. , Bagnall, A. , Bull, L. , Pettipher, M. , Studley, M. and Tekiner, F. (2005) Attribute selection methods for filtered attribute subspace based bagging with injected randomness (FASBIR). In: 2005 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Newport Beach, California, April 23, 2005. Newport Beach, California: UNSPECIFIED, p. 10

Bull, L. , Studley, M. , Bagnall, T. and Whittley, I. (2005) On the use of rule-sharing in learning classifier system ensembles. In: The 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2005., pp. 612-617

Kharbat, F. , Bull, L. and Odeh, M. (2005) Revisiting genetic selection in the XCS learning classifier system. In: The 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2005., pp. 2061-2068

O'Hara, T. and Bull, L. (2005) A memetic accuracy-based neural learning classifier system. In: The 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2005., pp. 2040-2045

Bull, L. (2004) Lookahead and latent learning in a simple accuracy-based classifier system. In: The 8th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN VIII), Birmingham, UK, 18-22 September 2004. Birmingham, UK: UNSPECIFIED, pp. 1042-1050

Smith, M. and Bull, L. (2004) Using genetic programming for feature creation with a genetic algorithm feature selector. In: Parallel Problem solving from nature, PPSN VIII, Birmingham, UK, 18-22 SEPTEMBER, 2004. Birmingham, UK: Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 1163-1171

Hurst, J. and Bull, L. (2004) A self-adaptive neural learning classifier system with constructivism for mobile robot control. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN VIII), Birmingham, UK, 18-22 September, 2004. Birmingham, UK: Springer, pp. 942-951

Casillias, J. , Carse, B. and Bull, L. (2004) An accuracy-based fuzzy classifier system. In: 12th Spanish Conference on Fuzzy Logic and Technologies, 2004., pp. 369-376

Staggemeier, A. T. , Clark, A. , Smith, J. and Bull, L. (2003) Genetic algorithm and linear programing to solve a lot-sizing and scheduling problem. In: Proceedings of the 6th Biannual Model and Algorithms to Production and Scheduling Problems 2003, Aussois, France, April, 2003., pp. 159-160

Bull, L. and Hurst, J. (2003) A neural learning classifier system with self-adaptive constructivism. In: The 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2003., pp. 991-997

Wyatt, D. and Bull, L. (2002) An investigation into island model rule migration for a number of mobile autonomous learning classifier system agents. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, New York, 2002, New York, July 9-13, 2002. New York: Citeseer

Sha'Aban, J. , Tomlinson, A. , Heydecker, B. G. and Bull, L. (2002) Adaptive traffic control using evolutionary algorithms. In: 13th Mini-Euro Conference, Bari, Italy, Bari, Italy, 10-13 June, 2002. Bari, Italy: UNSPECIFIED

Bull, L. and O’Hara, T. (2002) Accuracy-based neuro and neuro-fuzzy classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 1999., pp. 905-911

Bull, L. (2002) Lookahead and latent learning in ZCS. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference 2002, 2002., pp. 897-904

Tomlinson, A. and Bull, L. (1999) On corporate classifier systems: Increasing the benefits of rule linkage. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-99), 1999., pp. 649-656

Bull, L. (1999) On using ZCS in a simulated continuous double-auction market. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-99), 1999., pp. 83-90

Ahluwalia, M. , Bull, L. and Banzhaf, W. (1999) A genetic programming-based classifier system. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 1999., pp. 11-18

Tomlinson, A. and Bull, L. (1999) A zeroth level corporate classifier system. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO’99), 1999., pp. 306-313

Bull, L. (1997) Model-based evolutionary computing: A neural network and genetic algorithm architecture. In: IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1997, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Tochigi, Japan, 13-16 APRIL 1997., pp. 611-616

Bull, L. and Holland, O. (1997) Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Eusociality. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Genetic Programming, 1997., pp. 347-352

Bull, L. (1997) Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Partners. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, 1997., pp. 370-377

Bull, L. (1997) On the evolution of Eukaryotes. In: Mathematical and computational biology: Computational morphogenesis, hierarchical complexity, and digital evolution: an international workshop, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu City, Japan, 21st - 25th October, 1997., p. 31

Bull, L. , Fogarty, T. C. and Snaith, M. (1995) Evolution in multi-agent systems: Evolving communicating classifier systems for gait in a quadrupedal robot. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms., pp. 382-388

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. C. (1994) Evolving cooperative communicating classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming (EP94), 1994., pp. 308-315

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. C. (1994) Parallel evolution of communicating classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1994. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, 1994., pp. 680-685

Bull, L. and Fogarty, T. C. (1993) Co-evolving communicating classifier systems for tracking. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks and Genetic Algoriths, 1993.

Book

Bull, L. (2008) Learning classifier systems in data mining. (125) Springer. ISBN 9783540789789

Adamatzky, A. , de Lacy Costello, B. , Bull, L. , Stepney, S. and Teuscher, C. (2007) Unconventional computing 2007. Frome: Luniver Press. ISBN 978-1-905986-05-7

Thesis

Bull, L. (1995) Artificial symbiology: Evolution in cooperative multi-agent environments. PhD, University of the West of England.